Al Yousif, M. A., Chabuk, A., 2023. Assessment of water quality indices of surface water for drinking and irrigation application- A comparison review. Journal of Ecological Engineering 24(5), 40-55. https://doi.org/10.12911/22998993/161194 
Appelo, C. A. J., Postma, D., 2005. Geochemistry, groundwater and pollution (2nd ed.). CRC press. 
Azhari, H. E., Cherif, E. K., Sarti, O., Azzirgue, E. M., Dakak, H., Yachou, H., Esteves da Silva, J. C., Salmoun, F., 2023. Assessment of surface water quality using the water quality index (IWQ), multivariate statistical analysis (MSA) and geographic information system (GIS) in Oued Laou Mediterranean Watershed, Morocco. Water 15(1), 130. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15010130 
Benyoussef, S., Arabi, M., El Yousfi, Y., Makkaoui, M., Gueddari, H., El Ouarghi, H., Abdaoui, A., Ghalit, M., Filali Zegzouti, Y., Azirar, M., Himi, M., Alitane, A., Chahban, M., Ait Boughrous, A., 2024. Assessment of groundwater quality using hydrochemical process, GIS and multivariate statistical analysis at central Rif, North Morocco. Environmental Earth Sciences 83, 515. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-024-11798-6
Biedunkova, O., Kuznietsov, P., Khudyk, V., 2025. A study of surface water quality using organic pollution indices. Comparative characteristics and education opportunities. Water Quality Research Journal 60 (2), 333-347. https://doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2025.044 
Cattell, R. B., 1966. The scree test for the number of factors. Multivariate Behavioral Research 1(2), 245–276. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327906mbr0102_10 
Chapman, D. V., 1996. Water Quality Assessments: A Guide to the Use of Biota, Sediments and Water in Environmental Monitoring (2nd ed.). Chapman & Hall. 
De Mello, K,Valente, R.A, Ribeiro, M. P, Randhir, T. O., 2022. Effects of forest cover pattern on water quality of low order streams in an agricultural landscape in Pirapora River, Brazil. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 194(3), 189. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-022-09854-4 
Do, T. V. H., Bui, T. T., Nguyen, T. T. Q., 2025. Apply Multivariate Statistical Analyses to Assess Surface Water Quality in the Quang Binh River System. VNU Journal of Science: Earth and Environmental Sciences 41(2), 52-61. https://doi.org/10.25073/2588-1094/vnuees.5228 
Feng, S., Zhang, C., Yan, J., Ren, K., Peng, N., Jiang, W., Liu, S., 2025. Research on the surface water quality in the Huaihe River Basin and the genesis based on multivariate statistical analysis. Scientific Reports 15(1), 19763. 
Gazzaz, N.M., Yuse, M.K., Aris, A.Z., Juahir, H., Ramli, M. F., 2012. Artificial neural network modeling of water quality index for Kinta river (Malaysia) using water quality variables as predictors. Marine Pollution Bulletin 64(11), 2409–2420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2012.08.005 
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., 2019. Multivariate data analysis (8th ed.). Cengage Learning.
Hamma, B., Alodah, A., Bouaicha, F., Bekkouche, M. F., Barkat, A., Hussein, E. E., 2024. Hydrochemical assessment of groundwater using multivariate statistical methods and water quality indices (WQIs). Applied Water Science 14(2), 33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-023-02084-0 
Hoque, M. M., Islam, A., Islam, A. R. M. T., Das, B. C., Pal, S. C., Arabameri, A., Khan, R., 2023. Spatio-temporal assessment of water quality of a tropical decaying river in India for drinking purposes and human health risk characterization. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 30(45), 101653–101668. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-29431-7 
Hosseini, A., Rashidi, S., Juybari, S. A., Daryabandeh, M., 2026. Investigation of the role of environmental conditions in the distribution of toxic elements (major, minor, and trace) using geochemical interpretation and modeling in the sedimentary deposits of Ghalikouh, Lorestan. Kharazmi Journal of Earth Sciences 11(1), 140–161. doi: 10.22034/KJES.2023.11.1.107911
Hu, Z., Hu, L., Cheng, H., Qi, D., 2018. Application of Pollution index method based on dynamic combination weight to water quality evaluation. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 153(6), 062008. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/153/6/062008 
Hurley, T., Mazumder, A., 2013. Spatial scale of land use impacts on riverine drinking source water quality. Water Resources Research 49(3), 1591-1601. https://doi.org/10.1002/wrcr.20154 
Jeong, C. H., 2001. Effect of land use and urbanization on hydrochemistry and contamination of groundwater from Taejon area, Korea. Journal of Hydrology 253(1-4), 194–210. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(01)00481-4 
Jo, C. D., Kwon, H. G., 2025. Diagnostic evaluation of a small watershed via multivariate statistical analysis and a positive matrix factorization receptor model. Applied Water Science 15(11), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-025-02641-9 
Jung, W. S., Kim, Y. D., 2023. Evaluation of Watershed Water Quality Management According to Flow Conditions through Factor Analysis and Naïve Bayes Classifier. Sustainability 15(13), 10038. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151310038 
Kareem, J., Leventeli, Y., 2024. Evaluation of river water quality using multivariate statistics and water quality indices: A case of Göynük canyon (Turkey). Kuwait Journal of Science 51(3), 100228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kjs.2024.100228 
Li, Y., Chang, J., Wang, Y., Jin, W., Guo, A., 2016. Spatiotemporal impacts of climate, land cover change and direct human activities on runoff variations in the Wei River Basin, China. Water 8(6), 220. https://doi.org/10.3390/w8060220.
Mohammadi, H., Kalantari, N., Anbari, A., Pahlavanizadeh, S., 2021. Hydrochemical assessment of the Jareh Dam water resources; using multivariate statistical techniques and hydrochemical methods. Advanced Applied Geology 10(4), 620-633. doi: 10.22055/AAG.2020.29692.1993
Moradinejad, T., Kalantari, N., Mohammadi, H., Afrous, A., 2024. Assessment of the physicochemical and biological characteristics of water resources in the watershed and reservoir of the Kosar dam. Ecohydrology 11 (4), 457-476. https://doi.org/10.22059/IJE.2024.379179.1833
Nasrollahzadeh Saravi, H., Pourang, N., Safari, R., Makhlough, A., Afraei Banpei, M. A., Nematollahi, M. J., Baloei, M., Kardar Rostami, M., Ahmadnezhad Chehreh, A., 2026. Determining the water quality of the Tajan River (Sari City) to select the release station for economic fish juveniles of the Caspian Sea (2022). Kharazmi Journal of Earth Sciences 9(1), 207–226.
https://doi.org/10.22034/KJES.2023.9.1.106511
Pham, N. Q., Nguyen, G. T., 2024. Evaluating groundwater quality using multivariate statistical analysis and groundwater quality index. Civil Engineering Journal 10(3), 699–713. https://doi.org/10.28991/CEJ-2024-010-03-03 
Pitchaimani, V. S., Jerin Joe, R. J., Shyamala, G., Manjula, G., Hemalatha, B., Dinesh Babu, M., Shenbaga Ezhil, S., Ravindran, G., 2024. Multivariate statistical and hydrogeochemical analysis of seasonal groundwater quality variations in coastal villages of Trivandrum district, south India. Discover Sustainability 5(1), 372. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43621-024-00584-w 
Sanusi, I. O., Olutona, G. O., Wawata, I. G., Onohuean, H., 2024. Analysis of groundwater and surface water quality using modelled water index and multivariate statistics in Kampala and Mbarara Districts, Uganda. Discover Environment 2(1), 125. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44274-024-00157-8 
Setia, R., Lamba, S., Chander, S., Kumar, V., Singh, R., Litoria, P. K., Singh, R. P., Pateriya, B., 2021. Spatio-temporal variations in water quality, hydrochemistry and its controlling factors in a perennial river in India. Applied Water Science 11(11), 169. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-021-01504-3 
Shakeri, A., Sharafi, N., Rastgari Mehr, M., Abdollahbeglou, L., 2025. Assessment of water quality and hydrochemical processes in the vicinity of the municipal solid waste landfill: A case study of the Mohammadabad landfill, Qazvin. Kharazmi Journal of Earth Sciences 11(1), 103–130. doi: 10.22034/KJES.2025.11.1.107782
Shi, P., Zhang, Y., Li, Z., Li, P., Xu, G., 2017. Influence of land use and land cover patterns on seasonal water quality at multi-spatial scales. Catena 151, 182-190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2016.12.017 
Sikder, M. T., Tanaka, S., Saito, T., Hosokawa, T., Gumiri, S., Ardianor, Uddin, M. K., Tareq, S. M., Shammi, M., Kamal, A. K. I., Kurasaki, M., 2015. Vulnerability assessment of surface water quality with an innovative integrated multi-parameter water quality index (IMWQI). Pollution 1(3), 333–346. doi: 10.7508/pj.2015.03.010
Tafazzoli, M., Bagheri, R., Arjmand Sharif, M., Shojaei, M., 2025. Hydrochemical assessment and origin of water salinity based on composite diagrams in the Sabzevar Plain. Kharazmi Journal of Earth Sciences 11(1), 175–200. https://doi.org/10.22034/KJES.2025.11.1.108001 
Taniwaki, R. H., Cassiano, C. C., Fransozi, A. A., Vásquez, K. V., Posada, R. G., Velásquez, G. V., Ferraz, S. F. B., 2019. Effects of land-use changes on structural characteristics of tropical high-altitude Andean headwater streams. Limnologica 74, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.limno.2018.10.002 
 Afed, U., K., Jiang, J., Wang, P., 2018. Land use impacts on surface water quality by statistical approaches. Global Journal of Environmental Science and Management 4(2), 231–250. https://doi.org/10.22034/gjesm.2018.04.02.010 
World Health Organization (WHO), 2011. Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality (4th ed.). WHO Press, Geneva.
Wu, Y., Jiang, X., Yao, Y., Kang, X., Niu, Y., Wang, K., 2024. Effect of rainfall–runoff process on sources and transformation of nitrate at the urban catchment scale. Urban Climate 53, 101805. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2024.10180 
Zhang, J., Guo, Q., Du, C., Wei, R., 2022. Quantifying the effect of anthropogenic activities on water quality change in the Yangtze River from 1981 to 2019. Journal of Cleaner Production 363, 132415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.132415